Ramie is a so-called bast fiber, like flax, jute, and hemp. During this period, it can be harvested up to 6 times in a year. The finest yarns are produced on the spun silk system developed by the Japanese, but this system is labour intensive. Long staple fibres can be used for spinning, where as short fibres are using for the manufacture of papers, composites, non woven and other products39,40. In spite of the undoubtedly good properties of ramie fibre, the wide occurrence of the plant and the enormous amount of publicity which has been given to the subject from time, the fibre has not so far been developed or used on any large scale outside of China and Japan. Removal of the gum enables the fibre to take a more crystalline form. Anhydrous liquid ammonia was used as a solvent for the cationic modification of ramie fiber using 2, 3-epoxypropytrimethylammonium chloride (EPTAC). Ramiè (the ramia) is an ancient natural fiber of vegetable origin derived from horticultural plants, the complex processing of the textile fiber makes ramie very rare in fashion, where we can highlight its use mainly in small tailoring companies. The greater utilization of ramie depends upon the development of improved processing methods. The technical difficulties may be summarized as: Apart from any economic or technical reasons, the development of any new fibre needs market development work of some kind. It is having a moisture regain of around 12%. N1 - Caption title. Cortexes removed mechanically or manually in a process, so-called decorti-cations. China holds the monopoly in both production and exporting of ramie. They are not only using for making clothing, but also finds other diversified applications. The inherent draw backs of ramie fibre can be overcome by proper blending with natural/synthetic fibres. The coarseness of the fibre reduces its scope of application in apparels, but suitable blending may solve this issue. Natural fibres are gaining importance day by day in all over the world. It is referred to as bast fiber. The existing jute grading system can also be adoptable in the case of ramie. The gums of ramie are composed of araban and xylans which are insoluble in water but easily soluble in alkaline solutions. From 4-5% of ramie ribbons are cleaned from the stalks, so that from 400-1400 pounds per acre are yield annually in the same period, the average yield ranging around a thousand pounds. 1b. Ramie is used to make such products as industrial sewing thread, packing materials, fishing nets, and filter cloths. Let’s have a look on the factors. The density of fibre ranges from 1.50-1.55. Generally caustic soda is used for degumming process. See more ideas about fiber, plant fibres, natural fibers. Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaud) is a wonderful fiber-producing plant species, but it has not received adequate care and attention from researchers.Ramie fiber is considered the longest, strongest and most durable of all known plant fibers. Some have been in use for a long while, but they all have drawbacks for commercial big scale production. Harvesting and Threshing. Dewey." Before spinning, the fibres are sorted into three lengths, i.e., long, medium and short. Firstly, process ramie fibers by the lattice distortion modification processing equipment. This study briefs the extraction, mechanical processing, fibre properties and value addition of ramie fibre. Production of Ramie Fibre-Ramie (Boehmeria nivea), commonly known as China grass, white ramie, green ramie and rhea, is one of the group referred to as the bast fiber crops. In the current scenario, there is no specialized spinning system in India is available for ramie and is spun in jute system. Ramie is a labour intensive and input intensive crop in terms of planting material, plant nutrients and machines. The plants should be cut when the flower begins to fall and the seed to form. The FTIR spectrum of raw ramie fibre is shown in Fig. The SEM images showing the effect of combined degumming and bleaching is shown in Fig. Ramie is a unicellular cellulosic bast fibre. Methods of spinning ramie may vary, in different countries and mills and are determined to a large extent by the type of spinning system available in a particular mill. It is a durable fiber. Lignin degradation starts at about 280°C and continues even above 500°C. Mar 13, 2018 - Explore Bansky Bernadett's board "Ramie- Fiber" on Pinterest. Degumming is still treated as trade secret by the mills that have perfected this art. The blended yarns have good scope in the areas like home furnishing, upholstery and industrial fabrics. 9, it is inferred that, the thermal decomposition of ramie fibre was minimum up to 275°C. 7. PROCESSING. "Contribution from Bureau of Plant Industry." In India, national level institutes like National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology (NIRJAFT), Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF) are working to innovate ramie fibre in the front line. Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) is a perennial crop valued for its strong bast fibers. 9. ASCI, Investigating the Physical Properties of Treated and Untreated Jute Fibre-Polyester Composites, Study on Improvement in Handle Properties of Wool/Cotton Union Fabric by Enzyme Treatment and Subsequent Polysiloxane-based Combination Finishing, Eco-friendly Surface Modifications of Wool Fiber for its Improved Functionality: The most significant factors involved in ramie degumming are the concentration of the chemicals, temperature, time and the methods employed to ensure that the degumming liquor penetrates to all parts of the ribbons. The quality of decortication and fibre recovery also depend largely on the efficiency of the operator as well as condition of the plants. Then, the cortexes are scraped to remove shell and partial gums. Aliphatic C-H stretching of cellulose and hemicellulose is indicated by the peak 1377 cm–1 29. They may be used in this form for coarse products, but if ramie is to be spun into yarns suitable for fine fabrics, the first process in the mill is to degum the ribbons. Ramie is commonly known as china grass, green ramie or rhea. The ultimate fibers are exceptionally long and are claimed to be the longest of vegetable origin, with one report claiming the fibers range up to 580 mm, averaging about 125 mm. In Ramie Research Station, a regional station of Central Research Institute on Jute and Allied Fibres at Sarbhog, Assam, a collection of 55 ramie germplasms are maintained. Ramie is one of the oldest textile fibers. Due to the presence of gum, the fibre becomes stiff and brittle. Decortication should be completed on the day of harvest and if there are some left over, they should be kept moist by sprinkling water till decortications is done on the following day. China is the biggest producer of ramie fibre followed by Brazil and Philippines (Fig. Earlier so many countries tried to cultivate ramie, some of them withdrawn the cultivation due to some inevitable situations. Either the fibre is imperfectly cleaned so that it can only be put to use for limited local purposes, or the output is much too low, or there too much wastage of fibre during the process of decortications11. First harvesting can be done after 17 days of planting and followed by 45-60 days for the succeeding harvests. The mechanical properties of plant fibres largely depend on the amount of cellulose, which is closely associated with the degree of crystallinity and the crystallite orientation of the fibre with respect to the main fibre axis24. However, other reports claim that the tensile strengths of cotton, flax, hemp and ramie are similar. The processing of ramie fibers needs to start immediately after the plants are cut or else the pectin hardens and this makes it almost impossible to remove. Ramie fiber is one of the premium vegetable fibers. The medium-length fibre is either spun on its own, or spun together with the short fibre and any waste which is obtained during the dressing of the long fibre. If the stems are allowed to become too mature, lignification takes place. So, it is always better to remove the gum content of ramie fibre before going for the processing of the fibre. Degumming is essential after fibre extraction. Then use X-ray diffraction method to determine the crystallinity and orientation of pristine and modified ramie fibers. --- "Contribution from Bureau of Plant Industry." This fiber is used to blend with the cotton or wool fiber. Unlike other bast crops, ramie requires chemical processing to de-gum the fiber. It is a bast fiber, and the fiber used for textiles comes from the inner bark (phloem) of the vegetative stalks and not the woody stem or outer bark. It possesses highest strength and length, good durability and absorbency with excellent lustre. Ramie is still not used much by the textile industry largely because it is a high cost fibre due to its complex processing requirements. Abstract. Cellulose is a polysaccharide (i.e., a polymeric sugar) which can be represented by a simple formula (C6H10O5)n. The chemical composition of ramie fibre is as shown in Table 1. On the other hand, growers of ramie are not likely to produce large quantities of the fibre-unless they have a reasonable assurance that there would be a large demand for it. After degumming the cellulose content of the fibres are raised above 95%. Strong band at 1026 cm–1, assigned to C–O stretching in cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin or C–O–C stretching in cellulose and hemicelluloses30. The fiber is composed of pure cellulose being resistant to microbial attacks. In principle, any machine which is used for sisal or kenaf decortications can be adjusted for ramie. The prepared polymer composite has the lowest porosity, homogeneous surface structure, and the greatest interface bonding. The peak at 1328 cm–1 correspond to aromatic skeletal vibrations, ring breathing with C–O stretching in lignin components28 and 1161 cm–1 corresponds to the C-O-C asymmetric stretching in cellulose I and cellulose II. It is essential to remove the excess of alkali by acetic acid treatment after chemical degumming, otherwise the fibre strength will be reduced. A manufacturer can place an order for as much as, say, one million lb on the spot for cotton. The high potential of ramie fibre is not fully exploited due to various techno-economic reasons. The decorticator and decorticated ramie fibre is shown as in Fig. Chemical processing is required for processing ramie. Washing of fibre from stems immediately after decortications has been shown to remove water soluble gums which reduce the dry weight of the fibre by 8%. In India it is called by different popular names such as Rhea, Popah, KhunKoora, Kurkunda etc. It gives better result when it wet. 2 and 3. It acts as an inhibitor for water and other chemicals to enter inside the fibre. Awareness programs like exhibitions, seminars, training, etc., may encourage the farmers to grow ramie in vast areas. Still in present scenario, there is much scope for research and development on this valuable fibre. The photograph of ramie plant is shown in Fig. Ramie fiber is collected from the bark of the vegetable stalks. A novel low cost polymer composite using brown grass flower broom reinforcement is prepared. Apart from that, ramie also find application in sacks, carpets, reinforced polymers, twine, handicrafts, paper, cordage, gas mantles, fishing nets and marine packaging. Harvesting: The stems are green until they are mature, but then they begin to turn brown, starting at the bottom. Generally two methods of grading are adopted. It is important that ramie should be harvested at the right time if the best fibre is to be obtained. Ramie is similar to linen fiber. preliminary processing of ramie: fibre extraction The fibre is derived from the inner bast tissues of the stem. 6. Form the table 1 it is observed that the cellulosic content in ramie is much more than other bast fibre like Jute and Hemp. Ramie can be used, generally speaking, for those purposes for which flax and hemp are normally used-particularly for twines and threads, for which purposes its properties of strength and lack of stretch make it most suitable. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CURRENT SCENARIO. The fiber has limited application in textiles due to its high stiffness and less cohesive properties. The use of ramie is limited by its price and spinning properties. Ramie fibre comes under bast fibre category, which can be classified as underutilised fibres. There may be several reasons behind it, especially, the difficulties associated with decortication, degumming, pest and diseases. From the physico-mechanical characterization such as: hardness measurement, density measurement, void fraction or porosity measurement, and flexural strength measurement, it is found that the prepared composite is of light weight and high strength. AU - Robinson, Brittain B. Ramie may also be spun on the worsted and long draft cotton systems, but in the latter case stapled noils are used and usually blended with cotton or synthetic fibres37,38. After the fibre has been submitted to the degumming action, it is thoroughly washed and dried. Planters harvest ramie approximately every 60days by cutting mature bast and protect roots. Today some of the fashion designers are showing much interest in ramie fabric due to its unique properties. In ramie crop, return comes mainly from the second year onwards. tenacissima), also referred as Chinese grass or white ramie, is a member of the Urticaceae family and principally produced in China, Japan, and several other South Asian countries [2]. The problems associated with cultivation, decortication and degumming are the researchable issues. The decorticated fibres are cooked in vessels with 1-2% of caustic soda under pressure for 1 h. A slight mistake in the degumming process can spoil the quality of fibre, since the major component in ramie is cellulose and is sensitive to alkali. Prolonged treatment with strong alkali and strong acids causes loss in strength of the fibre and also hydrolysis of cellulose. The fibre is coarser and consists of hairs, projecting from the surface, its length varies considerably from 40-200 mm and the fibre diameter is around 25-30 μm. 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